Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Glacier Bay Field Station, National Biological Service
      Publication_Date:
      Title: KITTIWAKE ADULT COUNTS AT GLACIER BAY
      Edition:
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place:
        Publisher:
      Other_Citation_Details:
      Online_Linkage: <URL: http://agdcwww.wr.usgs.gov/usgs/brd/pws/>
  Description:
    Abstract: This database contains the colony counts, made from 35-mm slides, for Glacier Bay National Park's Black-legged Kittiwakes, from 1993 through the present. Only the colony at Margerie Glacier, the Park's largest colony, is thus far included in this slide-count database. Only adult birds in attendance at a colony are counted. There were more birds in attendance in 1994 than in 1993 at Margerie, as shown by the slides. When the numbers from the database file adults.dbf (visually-made censuses) are combined with these data, there was a decrease from 1991 to 1993 at Margerie Glacier, followed by the highest attendance yet recorded in 1994. There are 5 slide count sets of the Margerie Glacier colony for each year, in order to make statistical comparisons between years. The 5 slide count sets of Margerie Glacier in 1993 were not different statistically from the 5 visual count sets (see adults.dbf), so in subsequent years photography was used principally or exclusively, rather than using the old visual census methods, because this research showed the photographs to be equally accurate, with less effort expended. Black-legged Kittiwakes in the Gulf of Alaska have recently experienced widespread population declines and frequent reproductive failures, as evidenced by monitoring occurring at many colonies throughout the region. This project aims to monitor Glacier Bay's kittiwakes using methodologies consistent with these other studies so that comparisons can be made. This particular database (slides.dbf) records our efforts to develop a photographic monitoring technique that requires less effort than previous techniques had. This new monitoring technique will then be available for use by other National Parks in Alaska interested in monitoring kittiwakes. The Park is interested, in light of the nearby recent population and reproductive declines, in knowing and monitoring the status and trends of the kittiwake colonies within the Park.
    Purpose:
    Supplemental_Information:
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Single_Date/Time:
        Calendar_Date:
        Time_of_Day:
    Currentness_Reference: unknown
  Status:
    Progress: In Work
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency:
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: 137.099999999999994
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: 135.460000000000007
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.3999999999999985
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.2000000000000028
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: BIRDS,WILDLIFE POPULATIONS
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: AK
      Place_Keyword: Alaska
      Place_Keyword: Glacier Bay Ecosystem, Glacier Bay Region
      Place_Keyword:
      Place_Keyword: Glacier Bay - This database includes slide-based adult,kittiwake counts only from Glacier Bay's largest colony, at,the Margerie Glacier, located at the head of Tarr Inlet. In,the future we anticipate making slide-based counts of more,of the Park's colonies.
  Access_Constraints: Some Glacier Bay Ecosystem Project data sets may contain data with access constraints. Such areas include sensitive information on the locations of endangered species or cultural artifacts and data which contain private or confidential information. Data sets which are not complete may have access constraints until completion. Please contact the Information Management Systems Administrator at the Glacier Bay Field Station for details on any access constraints.
  Use_Constraints: Some Glacier Bay Ecosystem Project data sets may contain data with use constraints. Such areas include sensitive information on the locations of endangered species or cultural artifacts and data which contain private or confidential information. In addition some data sets are collaborative efforts with outside researchers and represent unpublished work for which we request respect for intellectual property rights. Some data sets are not complete and if access is given the use may be restricted until completion. Please contact the Information Management Systems Administrator at the Glacier Bay Field Station for details on any use constraints.
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: NBS
        Contact_Person: GLACIER BAY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: Glacier Bay National Park,One National Park Road,P.O. Box 140,Gustavus, Alaska 99826
        City:
        State_or_Province:
        Postal_Code:
        Country:
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907) 697-2230
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone:
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: GLBA_INFORMATION_MANAGEMENT@NPS.GOV
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type:
  Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report: This photographic censusing technique was developed to avoid,many of the observer errors inherent in direct visual,counting of kittiwake colonies. However, other potential,errors include: 1) over- or under-exposure of the film,,making kittiwakes difficult to discern from the projected,slides, thus affecting the kittiwake count; 2) failure to,photograph portions of some of the plots, thus reducing the,total number of kittiwakes counted; 3) photographing,portions of some of the plots from bad angles, making the,kittiwakes difficult to discern and thus affecting the,kittiwake count; 4) photographing during a time of low,attendance such as during a predator disturbance. (Predators,such as Bald Eagles, Golden Eagles, Peregrine Falcons, and,Ravens cause disturbance and flushing of the kittiwakes from,the colony. Such disturbances, if prolonged, cause many,kittiwakes not to return to their cliff nests, which can,alter colony counts significantly.) We used the automatic,exposure meter on the camera to avoid exposure difficulties.,We also standardized the frame compositions and angles for,each plot to avoid missing part of the colony or,photographing portions from bad visual angles. We also,attempted not to photograph during or immediately following,a predator disturbance at a plot. The 1993 data comparing,the 5 direct visual adult counts with the 5 slide counts,showed that the 2 counts were highly non-significantly,different (i.e. statistically the two methods were not,distinguishable one from the other), so we feel that this,photographic technique is equal in accuracy and variance to,the previously-used visual censuses.
    Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
      Attribute_Accuracy_Value:
      Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
  Logical_Consistency_Report:
  Completeness_Report: This database contains all the slide counts made by the,Resource Management/Research/NBS collaborative kittiwake,project from the photography start date in summer of 1993,through present (including summer 1994). However, this,database will continue to be updated annually with new slide,counts made; in the future we anticipate making slide-based,counts of more of the Park's colonies, not just the Margerie,Glacier.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND SURVEYS
          Publication_Date:
          Publication_Time:
          Title:
          Edition:
          Online_Linkage:
      Source_Scale_Denominator:
      Type_of_Source_Media:
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date:
      Source_Contribution: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND SURVEYS
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Photographs of the colony were taken with a 35-mm camera and,a 70-210 zoom lens. We used Kodachrome ASA 200 Professional,35-mm color slide film. The colony was divided into the same,plots as used by all the other censuses (adults, nests, and,chicks), based on naturally-occurring features on the cliff,face (see kwbndary.doc). Each plot was then divided into,several (2-8) photographic shots. The entire colony (i.e.,each and every plot) was photographed completely five,separate times. Because of the expensive photographic,equipment, we did not take photographs in very rainy,weather. The film was sent out to be developed, then the,slides were projected onto a wall in a dark room. One, or,two persons together, then counted the number of adult,kittiwakes in each plot.
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Indirect_Spatial_Reference:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method:
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type:
    Row_Count:
    Column_Count:
    Vertical_Count:
Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Geographic:
      Latitude_Resolution:
      Longitude_Resolution:
      Geographic_Coordinate_Units: OR
    Planar:
      Map_Projection:
        Map_Projection_Name:
        Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:
          Standard_Parallel:
          Longitude_of_Central_Meridian:
          Latitude_of_Projection_Origin:
          False_Easting:
          False_Northing: OR
      Grid_Coordinate_System:
        Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: UTM
        Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
          UTM_Zone_Number:
          Transverse_Mercator:
    OR
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name:
      Ellipsoid_Name:
      Semi-major_Axis:
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio:
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: Information Management System Administrator ,National Biological Service, Box 140, Glacier Bay Field Station, Gustavus, AK 99826, (907-697-2230)
        Contact_Person:
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type:
        Address:
        City:
        State_or_Province:
        Postal_Code:
        Country:
      Contact_Voice_Telephone:
      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone:
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone:
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
      Hours_of_Service:
      Contact_Instructions:
  Resource_Description: SLIDES.DBF
  Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed,successfully on a computer system at the,National Biological Service, no warranty,expressed or implied is made regarding,the accuracy or utility of the data on,any other system or for general or,scientific purposes, nor shall the act,of distribution constitute any such,warranty. This disclaimer applies both,to individual use of the data and,aggregate use with other data. It is,strongly recommended that these data are,directly acquired from a National,Biological Service server, and not,indirectly through other sources which,may have changed the data in some way.,It is also strongly recommended that,careful attention be paid to the,contents of the metadata file associated,with these data. The National Biological,Service shall not be held liable for,improper or incorrect use of the data,described and/or contained herein.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Non-digital_Form:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name:
        Format_Version_Number:
        File_Decompression_Technique: gzip
        Transfer_Size:
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name:
          Access_Instructions: Open access via anonymous ftp
        Offline_Option:
          Offline_Media:
          Recording_Capacity:
            Recording_Density:
            Recording_Density_Units:
          Recording_Format:
          Compatibility_Information:
    Fees:
    Ordering_Instructions: (Interim Statement) The Glacier Bay Information Management Team is currently developing the methodologies for distribution of data sets. Until standardized methods are developed please contact the Information Management System Administrator to obtain the latest information on methods for obtaining data.
    Turnaround:
  Custom_Order_Process:
  Technical_Prerequisites:
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date:
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Karen Oakley
        Contact_Organization: USGS Biological Resources Division / Alaska Science Center
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 1011 East Tudor Road
        City: Anchorage
        State_or_Province: AK
        Postal_Code: 99503
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-3579
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: karen_oakley@nbs.gov
      Contact_Instructions: The USGS BRD Alaska Science Center will be making an effort to keep the information provided in these metadata records current.  Please send corrections, additions and suggestions for improvement to Karen Oakley at the above address.
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: 19940608
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
  Metadata_Use_Constraints: None